SH/T 0249-1992 Determination of Pumpability of Special Fuel Oils

AI-translated method card — human verification pending. This is not an official translation of the standard. Unclear source values remain unverified; check the original standard and product certificate before use.

Card type: Test method

1. Method number / full title / English name / replacement relationship

• Standard number: SH/T 0249-92 (confirmed in 2004)
• Chinese title: Determination of Pumpability of Special Fuel Oils
• English title: not provided in the available source
• Replacement relationship: replaces SY 2451-82 (original written as "SY 2 45(-82", requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction))
• First issued: 1976 (see additional notes)
• Approval/implementation: approved by China Petrochemical Corporation in 1992-05-20, implemented in 1992-05-20

2. Scope of application and non-applicability

• Scope of application: This standard applies to special fuel oils.
• Non-applicability: not provided in the available source.

3. Method principle

The sample is heated to 75℃ in a special annular copper container, then rapidly cooled to 0℃, then the sample is reheated to either 25℃ or 45℃, the sample is poured into the oil cup of a coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer, and cooled to 9℃±0.1℃ at a cooling rate of 1℃/min, then sheared for 20 min at a shear rate of 9.7 s⁻¹, the reading is taken, and the viscosity is obtained. The above operation is repeated at another reheating temperature, and the highest viscosity obtained is called the "pumpability viscosity", expressed in pascal seconds (Pa·s) or poise (P). 1 pascal seconds (Pa·s) = 10 poise (P) = 1000 centipoise (cP) = 1000 millipascal seconds (mPa·s).

4. Reagents and materials (purity / preparation)

• Petroleum ether: 60～90℃, analytical reagent grade.
• Dry ice or ice.
• Industrial ethanol.
• Washing gasoline.
• Copper strip: 20 cm × 10 cm, bent along the long axis into a V shape.

5. Apparatus and equipment

• 3.1.1 Industrial coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer: use a high-viscosity type viscometer, a medium-viscosity type outer cylinder and a medium-viscosity B1 type inner cylinder. Four small holes with a diameter of 5 mm need to be drilled at the top of the outer cylinder; these four small holes are arranged at equal intervals on a circumference with a diameter of 38.1 mm, so that the sample can easily enter the gap between the inner and outer cylinders. Note: A NDJ-2G type rotational viscometer or a VH Fann portable viscometer may be used.
• 3.1.2 Oil cup: made of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The oil cup (see Figure 1 A) shall loosely fit the outer cylinder of the viscometer. The cover of the oil cup (see Figure 1 B) is fixed to the oil cup with pins. The four grooves on the inner wall of the oil cup shall be aligned with the four recesses on the oil cup cover, so that the sample can easily flow through the outer cylinder of the viscometer.
• 3.1.3 Annular cup: made of copper tube or copper plate (Figure 2). The outer diameter of the outer cylinder of the annular cup is 76.20 mm, the outer diameter of the coaxial inner cylinder is 63.5 mm, the gap width of the annular cup is 6.4 mm, the height is 209.5 mm, and the capacity is about 165 mL.
• 3.1.4 Stirrer: made of stainless steel wire with a diameter of 3.0～3.5 mm (see Figure 3). The large stirrer is placed outside the annular cup, and the small stirrer is placed in the middle of the annular cup.
• 3.1.5 Heat treatment bath: a water bath of sufficient size with a continuous stirring device, capable of controlling the following temperatures.
  • 3.1.5.1 Preheating bath: controlled at 75℃±2℃.
  • 3.1.5.2 Cooling bath: filled with equal volumes of crushed ice and water, temperature controlled at 0℃; industrial ethanol and dry ice may also be used to control the bath temperature.
  • 3.1.5.3 Reheating bath: capable of controlling at 25℃±1℃ and 45℃±1℃.
• 3.1.6 Viscosity measurement bath: a constant-temperature bath with a height of not less than 200 mm and an inner diameter of not less than 180 mm. It shall be provided with an iron support capable of placing the viscometer in an appropriate position and an automatic stirring device.
• 3.1.7 Thermometer: 0～50℃, scale division 0.1℃, 1 pieces; 0～50℃, scale division 1℃, 1 pieces; 0～100℃, scale division 1℃, 2 pieces.
• 3.1.8 Stopwatch: scale division 0.1 or 0.2 s.

6. Recommended operating conditions

• Preheating temperature: 75℃±2℃
• Rapid cooling temperature: 0℃
• Reheating temperature: 25℃±1℃ or 45℃±1℃
• Cooling rate: 1℃/min
• Measurement temperature: 9℃±0.1℃
• Shear rate: 9.7 s⁻¹
• Shear time: 20 min
• Viscometer transmission gear lever position: speed "3"

7. Sampling and sample preparation

• 5.2 Sample handling: For samples subpackaged for use, they must be heated to 50℃ during subpackaging and stirred uniformly, but the local temperature shall not exceed 75℃. Note: For freshly blended samples or samples just taken from a heat-preservation oil tank, they must stand at room temperature for 24 h before testing.
• 5.3 Before measuring the viscosity of the sample, the inner and outer cylinders, oil cup, and annular cup must be cleaned with washing gasoline and petroleum ether, dried with a blower, and cooled to room temperature.
• 6.2 After fully shaking the above-treated sample uniformly, take 125～150 mL and pour it into the annular cup.

8. Analytical procedure

• 6.1 Assemble the oil cup, cover, and inner and outer cylinders onto the viscometer head, and adjust the dial to zero. Then place this assembly in the 25℃±1℃ reheating bath, with the immersion depth reaching the outer scale line of the oil cup, and keep it at constant temperature for at least 1 h before adding the sample.
• 6.2 After fully shaking the above-treated sample uniformly, take 125～150 mL and pour it into the annular cup.
• 6.3 Immerse the annular cup in the 75℃±2℃ preheating bath and keep it at constant temperature for 15 min; the immersion depth shall ensure that the sample liquid level in the cup is lower than the water surface in the bath.
• 6.4 Remove the annular cup from the 75℃±2℃ water bath, and within 2 s place it into the 0℃ cooling bath. While placing it into the cooling bath, put the large stirrer around the outside of the annular cup, then immediately place the small stirrer into the middle of the annular cup, and immediately begin stirring. Keep it in the cooling bath for 10 min±10 s. During the first 5 min, stir up and down at least once per second; during the latter 5 min, stir up and down about once every 15 s.
• 6.5 Remove the annular cup from the cooling bath, and immediately immerse it in the 25℃±1℃ reheating bath for 10 min (immersion depth as above).
• 6.6 Adjust the concentricity of the assembly (carefully avoid friction between the outer cylinder and the inner wall of the oil cup), and pour the sample from the annular cup into the oil cup (using a V type copper strip as a flow guide) up to the inner scale line of the cup cover. Then turn the viscometer shaft clockwise by hand several times to expel air bubbles from the oil.
• 6.7 Keep the assembly with the sample at constant temperature in the reheating bath for 30 min.
• 6.8 Remove the assembly from the reheating bath and quickly place it into a viscosity measurement bath filled with industrial ethanol and maintained at the same temperature as the reheating bath (immersed to the outer scale line of the oil cup). Note: If ice water is used as the coolant, the assembly need not be removed from the reheating bath; simply cut off the heating system and directly add ice water to the reheating bath. However, a drain hole must be provided at the upper part of the reheating bath to ensure that the water level in the bath remains essentially unchanged. At this time, the reheating bath becomes the viscosity measurement bath.
• 6.9 After the assembly is placed in the appropriate position in the viscosity measurement bath (carefully avoid friction between the outer cylinder and the inner wall of the oil cup), start the stirring motor. Slowly and uniformly add powdered dry ice (or ice water) to cool to 9℃±0.1℃ at a rate of 1℃/min, and keep at constant temperature in this bath for 30 min.
• 6.10 Place the transmission gear lever of the viscometer at the speed "3" position, open the "lock", then start the viscometer, and at the same time start the stopwatch; after the viscometer has rotated for 20 min, take the reading (accurate to 0.5 small divisions).
• 6.11 Use the 45℃±1℃ reheating temperature and carry out the test according to clauses 6.1～6.10.
• 6.12 Record the highest viscosity as the pumpability viscosity.

9. Qualitative and quantitative determination and calculation formula

The dynamic viscosity η of the sample at temperature t, in pascal seconds (Pa·s) or poise (P), is calculated according to the following formula:

η = K·N

Where:

• K—— viscometer constant;
• N—— viscometer pointer reading.

The calculation result shall be taken to 0.01 Pa·s or 0.1 P.

10. Precision

Repeatability: The difference between two repeated determination results shall not be greater than 9% of their arithmetic mean. Note: In general, duplicate tests are not necessary for the sample.

11. Report

Take the arithmetic mean of two repeated determination results as the determination result.

12. Referenced documents

• Appendix A Calibration of viscometer (supplementary document)
  • A1 In general, the viscometer is calibrated once every three months.
  • A2 Select two standard oils that meet the following viscosity requirements.
    • Standard oil I: η20 is about 1100 mPa·s (original written as "U20 is about 1100.2/s", requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)), capable of making the viscometer pointer reading about 30% of the full scale.
    • Standard oil II: η20 is about 2100 mPa·s (original written as "U20 is about 2100.2/s", requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)), capable of making the viscometer pointer reading about 70% of the full scale.
  • A3 Viscometer calibration procedure
    • A3.1 Assemble the oil cup, cover, and inner and outer cylinders onto the viscometer head, and adjust the dial to zero. Then place this assembly in a 20℃±0.05℃ water bath, with the immersion depth reaching the outer scale line of the oil cup, and fix it in a position convenient for operation. Adjust the concentricity (carefully avoid friction between the outer cylinder and the inner wall of the oil cup).
    • A3.2 Pour standard oil I into the oil cup up to the inner scale line of the cup cover. Then turn the viscometer shaft clockwise by hand several times to expel air bubbles from the oil, and keep at constant temperature for 1 h.
    • A3.3 Place the transmission gear lever of the viscometer at the speed "3" position, open the "lock", and start the viscometer.
    • A3.4 Start the stopwatch and record the viscometer pointer reading once every 2 min.
    • A3.5 Five consecutive unchanged readings are taken as the stable value N I.
    • A3.6 Clean the instrument, replace with standard oil II, and repeat the above operation to obtain a stable value NII.
  • A4 Calculation
    • The viscometer constant K is calculated according to the following formula:
      • KI = η20I / NI …… (A1)
      • KII = η20II / NII …… (A2)
      • K = ½ (KI + KII) …… (A3)
    • Where:
      • η20I — viscosity of standard oil No. I, Pa·s or P;
      • η20II — viscosity of standard oil No. II, Pa·s or P;
      • NI — stable value of standard oil No. I;
      • NII — stable value of standard oil No. II.
  • A5 Precision (95% confidence level)
    • When the same assembly is calibrated with two standard oils of different viscosities, the difference between the resulting viscometer constants KI and KII shall not be greater than 0.0150 (unit not provided in the available source, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• Additional notes:
  • This standard is under the technical jurisdiction of the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing.
  • This standard was drafted under the responsibility of the Oil Research Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.
  • The main drafter of this standard is Xie Suling.
  • This standard was first published in 1976.

13. Source and verification

This page is an AI translation of the available Chinese method card. Human verification is pending. It is not an official translation of the standard. Check the source standard and product certificate before use.

14. Quick Reference for Questions and Answers