SH/T 0654-1998 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts

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Card type: Test method

1. Method number / full title / English name / replacement relationship

• Standard number: SH/T 0654-1998
• Chinese title: Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
• English title: Test method for kinematic viscosity of asphalts (bitumens) (the original title bar is spelled as “aspbalts (bitumens”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction))
• Adoption relationship: identical adoption of ASTM D2170-92 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
• Replacement relationship: not provided in the available source
• Approval/implementation: approved by China Petrochemical Corporation 1998-03-13, implemented on 1998-10-01
• Drafting organization: Heavy Oil Research Institute of University of Petroleum (East China); proposed/administrated by: University of Petroleum (East China)
• Main drafters: Zhang Changxiang, Zhang Yuzhen, Zhang Rongde

2. Scope of application and non-applicability

• Applicable to the determination of the kinematic viscosity of petroleum asphalt, road oil, and distillation residues of emulsified asphalt using a glass capillary kinematic viscometer at 135℃.
• It can also be used to determine other substances with viscosity in the range of 6 to 100000 mm²/s (the original text “6[unreadable separator]1000001M[unreadable character]/s”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• It can also be used at other temperatures, but the precision is determined based on the viscosity of the viscous asphalt measured at 135℃.
• Not applicable: not provided in the available source.

3. Method principle

Under specified temperature conditions, measure the time required for a certain volume of sample to flow through a capillary viscometer; the product of the viscometer constant and the time is the kinematic viscosity (Chapter 4 Method summary).

4. Reagents and materials (purity / preparation)

• 6.1 90 solvent naphtha: complies with GB 1922.
• 6.2 Acetone: chemically pure.
• 6.3 Petroleum ether: boiling range 60 to 90℃ (the original text “60[unreadable separator]9090”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)), chemically pure.
• 6.4 Chromic acid cleaning solution.
• 6.5 Distilled water.
• Appendix A3.2.1 Standard oils: standard oils complying with ASTM D2170 viscosity standards, approximate kinematic viscosity values are shown in Table A5; each standard oil should have an accurate kinematic viscosity value.

5. Instruments and equipment

• 5.1 Apparatus for determining the kinematic viscosity of asphalt, technical performance should be equivalent to ASTM D2170-92.
• 5.1.1 Viscometer: see Appendix A for details. Select a suitable viscometer according to the sample viscosity range; for viscous asphalt, the BS/IP/RF U type reverse-flow viscometer is more commonly used, see Figure A4.
• 5.1.2 Thermometer: calibrated precision thermometer with a division value of 0.02℃, calibration see Appendix B.
• 5.1.3 Oil bath: capable of immersing the top of the viscometer capillary below the oil bath liquid surface by 20 mm, allowing clear observation of the thermometer and viscometer; the viscometer should have firm support and fixation; the oil bath should be equipped with appropriate stirring to ensure that the temperature difference of the medium in the oil bath over the entire length of the viscometer or between different positions of the viscometer is not greater than 0.03℃ (the original text “0.039C”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• 5.1.4 Timer: stopwatch or other timing device with a scale of 0.1s (or smaller), error within 0.05%, and the entire timing range not less than 15 min (the original text “OAS” “15rrm in”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• Appendix A2.2.1: Figures A1 to A4 give the drawings and dimensions of four viscometers Cannon-Fenske, Zeitfuchs, BS/IP/RF, Lantz-Zeitfuchs; Tables A1 to A4 give approximate constants, kinematic viscosity ranges, capillary diameters, and bulb volumes.

6. Recommended operating conditions

• Test temperature: 135℃±0.03℃ (8.1).
• Sample heating temperature: 135℃±5℃ (7.2).
• Viscometer preheating: preheat to 135℃±5℃ (the original text “135 9C 1 5 0C”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)) (8.2).
• After loading the sample, maintain at the test temperature: 30 min to 2 min (the original text “30mi n - 2mino”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)) (8.4).
• Flow time requirement: greater than 60 s (8.2, 8.6).
• Timing precision: accurate to 0.1s (8.6).

7. Sampling and sample preparation

• 7.1 Carefully heat the sample and stir continuously to ensure uniform heating of the sample and prevent local overheating.
• 7.2 Transfer at least 20 mL of sample into a suitable container, heat to 135℃±5℃, and during heating stir slowly to prevent local overheating and bubble formation.
• 8.3 Load the prepared sample into the viscometer according to the sampling requirements.

8. Analysis procedure

• 8.1 Maintain the oil bath temperature within the test temperature range of 135℃±0.03℃.
• 8.2 Select a clean and dry viscometer with a sample flow time greater than 60 s, and preheat to 135℃±5℃.
• 8.3 Load the prepared sample into the viscometer according to the sampling requirements.
• 8.4 Place the viscometer loaded with sample into the oil bath, and maintain at the test temperature for 30 min to 2 min.
• 8.5 Start the test according to the instructions in A2 of Appendix A.
• 8.6 Measure the time required for the leading edge of the meniscus to pass the two timing marks, accurate to 0.1s. If the flow time is less than 60 s, select another viscometer with a smaller capillary diameter and retest.
• 8.7 After the test, remove the viscometer from the oil bath, place it inverted in an oven at 135℃±5℃ to allow the asphalt to flow out of the viscometer. Rinse several times with 90 solvent naphtha that has good solubility for the sample, then rinse with volatile petroleum ether. Pass a small flow of clean dry air (about 2 min) into the capillary or until the petroleum ether completely evaporates and the tube is dry. Periodically clean the viscometer with chromic acid cleaning solution to thoroughly remove organic deposits. Rinse with distilled water and acetone and blow dry with clean air.
• Appendix A2.3 Supplementary operating instructions (A2.3.2 to A2.3.8):
  • A2.3.2 Select a clean and dry viscometer with a sample flow time greater than 60 s.
  • A2.3.3 Load the sample into the viscometer according to the test requirements.
    • A2.3.3.1 Cannon-Fenske: Invert the viscometer, apply suction to tube L, immerse tube N into the liquid sample; draw liquid through tube N to fill bulb D to the loading mark G; wipe off excess sample outside tube N, invert to normal position, plug the upper opening of tube L with a cork or rubber stopper; install in a constant-temperature oil bath, keeping tube L vertical.
    • A2.3.3.2 Zeitfuchs: Install in a constant-temperature oil bath, keeping tube N vertical; pour the sample through tube N, being careful not to let the sample adhere to the wall of tube N, and enter the through-arm D until the leading edge of the liquid does not exceed 0.5 mm of the siphon tube G.
    • A2.3.3.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs: Install in a constant-temperature oil bath keeping tube N vertical; pour sufficient sample through tube N to completely fill bulb D, allowing the sample to slowly overflow into the overflow bulb K; if the sample is poured at a temperature higher than the test temperature, place the viscometer in the oil bath for an additional 15 min to reach the oil bath temperature; then add an appropriate amount of sample to allow slow overflow into bulb K.
    • A2.3.3.4 BS/IP/RF: Install in a constant-temperature oil bath keeping tube L vertical; pour sample through tube N to above the loading mark G point; allow the sample to flow freely through capillary R, carefully keeping the liquid column unbroken, until the lower meniscus is about 5 mm below mark H; plug the opening of tube L with a cork or rubber stopper to stop the flow; if necessary, add an appropriate amount of sample so that the upper meniscus is slightly above mark G; after reaching the test temperature and no more bubbles in the sample, gently release the stopper to allow the sample to flow to near mark H, then stop the flow again; insert a special pipette to remove excess sample above the mark, then cover the opening of tube N with a cork or rubber stopper.
  • A2.3.4 Keep the viscometer in the constant-temperature oil bath for 30 min to ensure the sample reaches the test temperature (the original text “keep the viscometer in a [garbled] oil bath for 30min. to bring the sample to [garbled temperature wording]1 40N [garbled ending]”, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
  • A2.3.5 For viscometers Cannon-Fenske and BS/IP/RF, remove the stoppers on tube L and tube N respectively, allowing the sample to flow under gravity. For viscometer Zeitfuchs, apply a slight suction to tube M to raise the meniscus above the siphon tube until the liquid level in capillary R is about 30 mm lower than the liquid level in tube D; at this point the liquid begins to flow under gravity. For viscometer Lantz-Zeitfuchs, apply suction to tube M (or block tube K and apply pressure to tube N) until the lower meniscus reaches the timing mark E; at this point the liquid begins to flow under gravity.
  • A2.3.6 Measure the time required for the leading edge of the meniscus to pass from timing mark E to timing mark F, accurate to 0.1s.
  • A2.3.7 Calculate the viscosity according to the method described in Chapter 9.
  • A2.3.8 After the test, remove the viscometer from the oil bath, place it inverted in an oven at 135℃±5℃ to allow the asphalt to flow out of the viscometer; rinse several times with 90 solvent naphtha that has good solubility for the sample, then rinse with volatile petroleum ether; pass a small flow of clean dry air (about 2 min) into the capillary or until the petroleum ether completely evaporates and the tube is dry.

9. Qualitative and quantitative and calculation formulas

• Kinematic viscosity is calculated according to formula (1):
  • ν = C · t ……………………………………(1)
  • Where: C— viscometer constant, (mm²/s)/s; t— flow time, s.
• Appendix A1 Calculation of viscosity of Newtonian liquids:
  • A1.1 The dynamic viscosity of a Newtonian liquid can be calculated from its kinematic viscosity; the product of the kinematic viscosity and the density of the liquid at the test temperature is the dynamic viscosity.
  • A1.2 For paving petroleum asphalt, the density of 135℃ can be obtained by multiplying the specific gravity of 25/25℃ by the coefficient 0.934 g/cm³; or by multiplying the specific gravity of 15.5/15.5℃ by the coefficient 0.931 g/cm³. These coefficients are calculated based on an average expansion coefficient of 0.00061/℃ for viscous asphalt.
  • A1.3 When the specific gravity of the asphalt is unknown, the dynamic viscosity of 135℃ can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity of 135℃ by the empirical density 0.948 g/cm³. This empirical density value is based on a specific gravity of 1.015 for 25/25℃. A large number of test results show that the error caused by this empirical density calculation does not exceed ±3%.
• Appendix A3 Calibration of viscometers:
  • A3.3.1 Calibration with standard oil: Select a standard oil from Table A5; at the calibration temperature (preferably 37.8℃), the flow time shall be not less than 200 s; determine the flow time according to the method in Chapter 8, accurate to 0.1s, and calculate the viscometer constant according to formula (A1):
    • C = ν/t ……………………………………(A1)
    • Where: C— viscometer constant; ν— viscosity of the standard oil, mm²/s; t— flow time, s.
  • A3.3.2 For Zeitfuchs, Lantz-Zeitfuchs and BS/IP/RF U type capillary viscometers, the viscometer constant is independent of temperature.
  • A3.3.3 The Cannon-Fenske viscometer has a fixed sample volume at the filling temperature. If the test temperature differs from the filling temperature, the viscometer constant is calculated according to formula (A2):
    • C_T = C_0[1 + F(T_v − T_t)] ………………(A2)
    • Where: C_T— viscometer constant at the test temperature; C_0— viscometer constant when the filling temperature and test temperature are the same; F— temperature-related coefficient (see A3.3.4); T_v, T_t— respectively represent the test temperature and filling temperature, ℃.
  • A3.3.4 The temperature-related coefficient is calculated according to formula (A3):
    • F = 4aV/(πd²h) = [4V(ρ_t − ρ_f)]/[πdhρ_f(T_v − T_t)] ………………(A3)
    • Where: V— filling volume, cm³; d— diameter of the meniscus in the filling bulb, cm; h— sample liquid level difference, cm; a— thermal expansion coefficient of the test sample between the filling temperature and the test temperature; ρ_t, ρ_f— respectively represent the density at the test temperature and filling temperature, g/cm³.
  • A3.3.5 If the location where the viscometer is used differs from the calibration laboratory location, the viscometer constant shall be corrected according to the difference in gravitational acceleration (different g), calculated according to formula (A4):
    • C₂ = (g₂/g₁) × C₁ ………………(A4)
    • Where: C₁—calibration constant of the local laboratory; C₂—calibration constant of the standard laboratory (the original variable labels are suspected to be interchanged, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)); g₂—gravitational acceleration of the local laboratory; g₁—gravitational acceleration at the location of the standard laboratory. The viscometer certificate shall indicate the g value at the location of the standard laboratory. Failure to perform gravitational acceleration correction can lead to an error of 0.2%.
  • A3.3.6 Calibration of a viscometer using a standard viscometer: Select any petroleum fraction with a flow time of not less than 200 s, then select a standard viscometer of known constant.
    • A3.3.6.1 Install the standard viscometer together with the viscometer to be calibrated in the same oil bath, and determine the flow time of the sample in the capillary according to the method described in Chapter 8.
    • A3.3.6.2 The calibration viscometer constant is calculated according to formula (A5):
      • C₁ = (t₂ × C)/t₁ ………………(A5)
      • Where: C₁—constant of the calibration viscometer; t₁—flow time of the calibration viscometer, accurate to 0.1s; C— constant of the standard viscometer; t₂—flow time of the standard viscometer, accurate to 0.1s.
• Appendix A2.1.1: Applicable to the determination of the viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids, including four types of viscometers: Cannon-Fenske, Zeitfuchs, BS/IP/RF and Lantz-Zeitfuchs. The viscosity can be measured up to 100000 mm²/s.
• Tables A1 to A4 give the size numbers, approximate constants, kinematic viscosity ranges, capillary diameters, bulb volumes, etc. of each type of viscometer (specific values are in the original table, source-text extraction has much noise, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• Table A5 Viscosity oil standards: standard oil codes S60, S200, S600, S2000, S8000, S30000, etc., approximate kinematic viscosity (37.8℃, 50℃, 99℃) values are in the original table (source-text extraction has much noise, requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).

10. Precision

• 10.1 Repeatability: The difference between two results obtained by the same operator in repeated determinations shall not be greater than 1.8%.
• 10.2 Reproducibility: The difference between two results submitted by different laboratories shall not be greater than 8.8%.

11. Report

• Take the arithmetic mean of the results of two repeated determinations as the kinematic viscosity of the sample, retain three significant figures, and report the test temperature (Chapter 11).

12. Normative references

• GB 1922 Solvent naphtha
• GB/T 4016 Petroleum products terminology
• ASTM D2170-92 (identical adoption)
• ASTM E77 (Appendix B1.2 cites its clause 6.5)
• ASTM D2170 Viscosity standards (Appendix A3.2.1 standard oils)

13. Source and verification

This page is an AI translation of the available Chinese method card. Human verification is pending. It is not an official translation of the standard. Check the source standard and product certificate before use.

14. Quick reference Q&A