SH/T 0687-2000 Determination of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Ball Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator Method)

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Card type: Test method

1. Method number / full title / English name / replacement relationship

• Standard number: SH/T 0687—2000
• Chinese name: Determination of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Ball Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator Method)
• English name: Standard test method for measurement of lubricity of aviation turbine fuels by the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE)
• Replacement relationship: not provided in the available source (the foreword only states equivalent adoption of ASTM D5001-1990 (1995), and does not mention replacement of an old standard)
• Adoption relationship: equivalent adoption of ASTM D5001-1990 (1995)
• Approval/implementation: approved by the State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry 2000-06-05, implemented on 2000-12-01
• Responsible committee: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
• Drafting organization: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
• Main drafters: Shan Guozhong, Wang Ruicai, Chen Shufeng (names require confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction))

2. Scope of application and non-applicability

• 1.1 specifies the determination of the wear condition of boundary lubricity of aviation turbine fuels on a rubbing steel surface using a ball cylinder lubricity evaluator.
• The lubricity result of 1.2 is expressed as the wear scar diameter (mm) produced on the test ball.
• 1.3 uses SI (International System of Units) as the standard unit of measurement.
• 1.4 involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment, but does not purport to address all safety problems; users should establish appropriate safety and protective measures and determine applicable management systems before use.
• 5.4 may not directly reflect the operating conditions of engine hardware; for example, some fuels with very high sulfur content may give abnormal test results.
• Non-applicability: the available source does not clearly list non-applicable objects (apart from the explanatory note in 5.4).

3. Method principle

• Chapter 4 Method summary: place the test sample into the test oil reservoir, maintain the relative humidity of the air in the reservoir at 10%, a non-rotating steel ball is fixed in a vertically mounted chuck so that it faces an axially mounted steel ring, and a load is applied. The test cylinder is partially immersed in the oil reservoir and rotates at a fixed speed. In this way the cylinder can be kept in a wetted condition and the sample can be continuously transported to the ball/ring interface. The wear scar diameter produced on the test ball is a measure of the lubricity of the sample.
• 3.2 Definition of lubricity: tested under strictly specified and controlled conditions, a fixed ball contacts a rotating test ring wetted by the sample, expressed as the wear scar diameter (mm) produced on the fixed ball.

4. Reagents and materials (purity / preparation)

7.1 Materials

• 7.1.1 Test ring: made of SAE 8720 steel (composition see Table 2) or alloy structural steel conforming to 20CrNiMo in GB/T 3077; Rockwell hardness HRC 58–62; surface finish 0.56–0.71 μm (22~28 μin.) root mean square, or expressed according to GB/T 131 (original symbol requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)). Dimensions see Figure 3. In case of dispute, the test ring made of SAE 8720 steel shall prevail.
• Table 2 SAE 8720 steel composition % (m/m): C 0.18–0.23; Si 0.15–0.35; Mn 0.70–0.90; Cr 0.40–0.60; Mo 0.20–0.30; Ni 0.40–0.70; S <0.04; P <0.035; others Cu≤0.35.
• 7.1.2 Round shaft: a short cylindrical component with a taper of 10°, used to fix the test ring (see Figure 2).
• 7.1.3 Test ball: made of ANSI standard steel grade E-52100 chromium alloy steel (composition see Table 3) or YB 9 GCr15 high-carbon chromium bearing steel; diameter 12.7 mm (0.5 in.); surface finish 5–10 EP grade (requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)); or meets the requirements of GB/T 308 rolling bearings and steel balls standard; surface roughness expressed according to GB/T 131 (original symbol requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)); Rockwell hardness HRC 64–66. In case of dispute, the test ball made of ANSI E-52100 chromium alloy steel shall prevail.
• Table 3 ANSI E-52100 chromium alloy steel composition % (m/m): C 0.98–1.10; Mn 0.25–0.45; Si 0.15–0.35; Cr 1.30–1.60; S <0.025; P <0.025; Ni <0.30; others Cu≤0.25 (original “CI≤0.25” requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)).
• 7.1.4 Compressed air: hydrocarbon content and water content are respectively less than 0.1 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg (original “0.Img/kg” requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction)). Warning: compressed gas under high pressure in the presence of flammable substances requires special attention, see A1 in Appendix A.
• 7.1.5 Gloves: clean, lint-free cotton fabric, single use.
• 7.1.6 Wiping cloth: thin silk, soft, lint-free, free of organic solvents, single use.

7.2 Reagents

• 7.2.1 Isooctane: analytical reagent, minimum purity 95%. Warning: extremely flammable, harmful if inhaled, vapor may cause flash fire, see A2 in Appendix A.
• 7.2.2 Isopropanol: analytical reagent. Warning: flammable, see A3 in Appendix A.
• 7.2.3 Acetone: analytical reagent. Warning: extremely flammable, vapor may cause flash fire, see A4 in Appendix A.

7.3 Reference liquids

• 7.3.1 A liquid: contains 30 mg/kg of a corrosion inhibitor and lubricity improver soluble in the specific fuel, or an anti-wear and anti-rust additive of equivalent performance, in B liquid. Store in a silicate glass container with an aluminum foil insert cap, in a dark place. Warning: flammable, vapor harmful, see A5 in Appendix A.
• 7.3.2 B liquid: a narrow-cut isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent.
• Note: A liquid and B liquid can be obtained from Avior Company of the United States (INTER AV INC.) or Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing.

5. Instruments and equipment

• 6.1 Ball cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE): shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, standard test operating conditions are listed in Table 1.
• 6.2 Constant-temperature circulating bath: when circulating coolant passes through the base of the sample oil reservoir, it can maintain the sample at 25 ℃±1 ℃.
• 6.3 Microscope: capable of magnification of 100 times, scale of 0.1 mm, minimum division value of 0.01 mm.
• 6.4 Sliding micrometer: with a scale graduated in 0.01 mm.
• 6.5 Ultrasonic cleaner: seamless stainless steel container with a capacity of 1.9 L (1/2 gallons), cleaning power of 40 W.
• 6.6 Desiccator: contains a non-indicating desiccant, with a volume sufficient to store test rings, test balls, and metal parts.

6. Recommended operating conditions

Table 1 Standard operating conditions:

• Sample volume: 50 mL±1.0 mL
• Sample temperature: 25 ℃±1 ℃
• Conditioned air: relative humidity at 25 ℃±1 ℃ is 10%±0.2%
• Sample pretreatment: one air stream is passed into the sample at 0.5 L/min, while another air stream flows over the sample surface at 3.3 L/min for 15 min
• Sample test conditions: air flows over the sample surface at 3.8 L/min
• Applied load: 1000 g (of which weight 500 g)
• Cylinder rotation speed: 240 r/min±1 r/min
• Test time: 30 min±0.1 min

7. Sampling and sample preparation

• 5.3 Lubricity determination is relatively sensitive to trace substances introduced during sampling and storage, and sampling containers conforming to Appendix B should be used.
• 10.8 The test sample should be provided using the sampling container in Appendix B. Add 50 mL±1 mL of sample into the oil reservoir, cover with a clean oil reservoir cover, and connect the air lines of 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) and 3.18 mm (1/8 in.) to the oil reservoir cover.
• Appendix B Sampling container and cleaning method:
  • B1 Epoxy resin-lined containers are preferably selected first; after rinsing three times with the sample to be collected, they can be directly used for testing or sample storage.
  • B1.1 For stored samples, it is recommended to replace the air above the sample with nitrogen.
  • B1.2 Cleaning method for reuse of epoxy resin-lined containers: B1.2.1 Fill used containers with 1,1,2- trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethane solvent to 10%~20% of the container, rinse three times in total; each rinse the container should be closed and shaken for 1 min, then change the solvent for the next rinse; after the last rinse solvent is drained, the container should be air-dried and can be reused only after cleaning.
  • B2 Clean borosilicate glass bottles according to B2.1–B2.8: B2.1 Fill the bottles with a strong water-soluble laboratory detergent solution made by adding 1% (m/m) to tap water, cap them, and soak for at least 10 min; B2.2 Scrub all bottles and caps vigorously; B2.3 Rinse repeatedly with hot tap water (60–75 ℃) until no foam remains; B2.4 Thoroughly wet the caps and soak for at least 10 min; B2.5 Add hot tap water (60–75 ℃) and repeat scrubbing and rinsing until no foam remains; B2.6 Rinse more than twice with hot distilled water (60–75 ℃); B2.7 Dry the bottles and caps separately in an oven at 115~125 ℃; B2.8 After cooling, put the caps back on.
  • B3 Clean tin-plated containers (when the sample is to be tested immediately) according to B3.1: Fill the container halfway with acetone, cap it, shake vigorously for 1 min, drain the solvent, and air dry; Fill the container to 1/4 with 1,1,2- trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethane, cap it and shake repeatedly, drain the solvent, and air dry the container.
  • B4 Polytetrafluoroethylene bottles have not been evaluated, but may be satisfactory after cleaning and drying according to B1.2.1.
  • B5 The use of other plastic containers is not recommended.

8. Analysis Procedure

8 Preparation of Apparatus

• 8.1 Cleaning of test rings: 8.1.1 Wipe off the waxy protective coating with a cloth, paper towel, or cotton soaked in isooctane; 8.1.2 Place into a clean 500 mL beaker, add enough volume of a mixture of isooctane and isopropanol (1:1) to completely cover; 8.1.3 Place in an ultrasonic cleaner and clean for 15 min; 8.1.4 Repeat 8.1.3 using a clean beaker and fresh solvent; 8.1.5 Remove with clean tweezers or gloves, rinse with isooctane, dry, then rinse with acetone (Note: drying may be done by blowing dry with compressed air at 140–210 kPa (20–30 psi)); 8.1.6 After drying, store in a desiccator.
• 8.2 Cleaning of test balls: 8.2.1 Place into a 300 mL beaker, add enough volume of a mixture of isooctane and isopropanol (1:1) to completely cover (Note: each cleaning of test balls is approximately a five-day supply); 8.2.2 Ultrasonic clean for 15 min; 8.2.3 Repeat 8.2.2 using a clean beaker and cleaning solvent; 8.2.4 Remove, rinse with isooctane, dry, then rinse with acetone; 8.2.5 After drying, store in a desiccator.
• 8.3 Cleaning of oil bath, oil bath cover, test ball chuck, test ball locking ring, and ring shaft assembly: 8.3.1 Rinse with isooctane; 8.3.2 Clean in an ultrasonic cleaner with a mixture of isooctane and isopropanol 1:1 for 5 min; 8.3.3 After removal, clean with isooctane, dry, then rinse with acetone; 8.3.4 After drying, store in a desiccator.
• 8.4 Cleaning of metal components: 8.4.1 Metal components and tools (drive shaft, wrench, and tweezers) that come into contact with the specimen should be thoroughly cleaned with isooctane and wiped dry with a cloth; 8.4.2 Store in a desiccator when not in use.
• 8.5 Cleaning of test parts after testing: 8.5.1 Remove the oil bath and cylinder; 8.5.2 Disassemble the components and clean in an ultrasonic cleaner with a mixture of isooctane and isopropanol in a volume ratio of 1:1 for 5 min, then rinse with isooctane, dry, then rinse with acetone, and reassemble the components; 8.5.3 Store the dried components in a desiccator; 8.5.4 Note: When testing the same specimen, it is permissible to clean the oil bath in place on the apparatus; rinse the oil bath with isooctane, wipe off residual deposits and test residues with a cloth or cotton, rinse the oil bath again with isooctane, dry, and finally rinse with acetone and dry; during cleaning, ensure that the specimen air blow tube is also cleaned and dried; when not in use, all components should be stored in a desiccator.

9 Calibration and Standardization

• 9.1 Before each test, visually inspect the test balls and reject any test balls showing pits, corrosion, or surface abnormalities.
• 9.2 Reference fluids: 9.2.1 According to Chapter 10, use a cylinder previously standardized by testing with the reference fluid, and conduct three tests on each new batch of reference fluid; 9.2.2 If the difference in wear scar diameter is greater than 0.04 mm for reference fluid A or greater than 0.08 mm for reference fluid B, repeat the three tests; 9.2.3 If the wear scar diameter from the repeat tests is again greater than the value in 9.2.2, reject this batch of reference fluid; 9.2.4 For a suitable reference fluid, if all three results are within the values of 9.2.2, calculate the average wear scar diameter (WSD); 9.2.5 Compare the average result with the following reference values: reference fluid A 0.56 mm average WSD, reference fluid B 0.85 mm average WSD; 9.2.6 According to the reference fluid values given in 9.2.5, if the average result obtained in 9.2.4 differs from reference fluid A by more than 0.04 mm or differs from reference fluid B by more than 0.08 mm, reject this batch of new reference fluid.
• 9.3 Calibration of test rings: 9.3.1 According to Chapter 10, test each new test ring with reference fluid A; 9.3.2 If the wear scar diameter is within 0.04 mm WSD of the reference fluid A value shown in 9.2.5, the test ring is acceptable; 9.3.3 If it is not within 0.04 mm WSD of the reference fluid A value shown in 9.2.5, repeat the test; 9.3.4 If the difference between the two values obtained in 9.3.1 and 9.3.3 is greater than 0.04 mm WSD, or the difference between the two values and the reference fluid A value shown in 9.2.5 is greater than 0.04 mm WSD, discard this test ring; 9.3.5 According to Chapter 10, test each test ring with reference fluid B; 9.3.6 If the wear scar diameter is within 0.08 mm WSD of the reference fluid B value shown in 9.2.5, the test ring is acceptable; 9.3.7 If it is not within 0.08 mm WSD of the reference fluid B value shown in 9.2.5, repeat the test; 9.3.8 If the difference between the two values obtained in 9.3.5 and 9.3.7 is greater than 0.08 mm WSD, or the difference between the two values and the reference fluid B value shown in 9.2.5 is greater than 0.08 mm WSD, discard this test ring.
• 9.4 Level calibration of the load arm: 9.4.1 The level of the load arm should be checked before each test; the level of the motor base can be adjusted by the ring bubble level on the base and by adjusting the stainless steel legs; 9.4.2 Install the test ball into the fixing nut as described in 10.4; 9.4.3 Pull out the blue pin to lower the load arm, add a weight of 500 g to the end of the load arm, and press the test ball down by hand or with the adjusting nut under the load arm so that it contacts the surface of the test ring; 9.4.4 Check the level at the top of the load arm; the indicating bubble should be centered between the two lines; if necessary, adjust the position of the balance weight at the end of the load arm so that the load arm is level.
• 9.5 Assembly of the cylinder: 9.5.1 As shown in Figure 2, place a clean test ring on the round shaft and screw the back plate onto the round shaft.

10 Test Procedure

• 10.1 The test conditions are shown in Table 1.
• 10.2 Install a clean test cylinder (Note: BOCLE is particularly sensitive to contamination): 10.2.1 Strictly follow the cleanliness requirements and the specified cleaning procedure; wear gloves during handling and installation to prevent contamination of the cleaned test parts (cylinder, test ball, oil bath, and oil bath cover); 10.2.2 Rinse the rotating shaft with isooctane and wipe dry with a disposable towel; 10.2.3 Push the rotating shaft through the left bearing housing and support bracket; 10.2.4 Hold the cylinder with the mounting screw facing left, push the rotating shaft through the cylinder cavity and then through the right bearing bracket so that the shaft enters as far as possible into the connector before operation; 10.2.5 Align the fixing screw with the flat keyway on the side of the cylinder shaft and tighten the fixing screw; 10.2.6 Set the sliding micrometer at 0.5 mm, move the cylinder to the left until it rests firmly against the sliding micrometer probe, ensure that the cylinder fixing screw is directly facing the keyway (flat surface of the shaft) and tighten the fixing screw; 10.2.7 Before starting the drive motor, withdraw the sliding micrometer probe away from the cylinder.
• 10.3 Record the ring number on the data sheet (Table 4); if selected, use the sliding micrometer to indicate the position of the test cylinder; the first and last wear scars on the test ring should be approximately within 1 mm from both sides. 10.3.1 For subsequent tests, use the micrometer to reposition the cylinder to a new test position, which is 0.75 mm from the last wear scar on the ring, and record it on the data sheet; after tightening the cylinder fixing locking pin to lock the cylinder in a new test position, the micrometer probe should be moved back, then the cylinder advanced again, and the micrometer reading checked to ensure accurate wear scar spacing; if necessary, readjust the position. When the exact test ring position is determined, withdraw the micrometer probe away from the cylinder.
• 10.4 Install a clean test ball: first place the test ball in the blue retaining ring, then place it in the nut, screw the nut onto the threaded disc located under the load arm, and tighten by hand.
• 10.5 Ensure the load arm is in the "UP" position by inserting the blue pin.
• 10.6 Install a clean oil bath: raise the oil bath to install the blue isolation platform, and move the blue isolation platform into position under the oil bath. Insert the thermocouple into the hole on the left rear of the oil bath.
• 10.7 Check the levelness of the load arm and adjust if necessary.
• 10.8 Provide the test sample using the sampling container in Appendix B. Add 50 mL±1 mL of the specimen to the oil bath, put on the clean oil bath cover, and connect the air lines for 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) and 3.18 mm (1/8 in.) to the oil bath cover.
• 10.9 Set the power switch to the "ON" position.
• 10.10 Open the compressed air cylinder, adjust the supply air pressure to 210–350 kPa (30–50 psi) and adjust the air pressure of the pressure gauge on the instrument panel to approximately 100 kPa (14.5 psi).
• 10.11 Place the arm lift switch in the "UP" position.
• 10.12 Lower the load arm by pulling out the blue pin, hang 500 g weights at the end of the load arm plus the load arm weight, thereby giving a load of 1000 g.
• 10.13 Place the drive motor switch in "ON", start the cylinder rotation, adjust the rotation speed to 240 r/min±1 r/min.
• 10.14 Using the flowmeters controlling the wet and dry air flow rates, adjust the specified air flow rate reading to 3.8 L/min, maintaining the relative humidity at 10.0%±0.2%.
• 10.15 Adjust the temperature of the oil bath as required until the temperature stabilizes at 25 ℃±1 ℃, by adjusting the temperature of the constant-temperature circulating bath to obtain the required temperature.
• 10.16 Set the fuel blow timer to 15 min and adjust the specimen blow flowmeter flow rate to 0.5 L/min.
• 10.17 At the end of the blow, the siren will sound and the blow will stop. Air continues to flow through the oil bath at 3.8 L/min. First set the timer at 30 min. Then place the arm lift switch in the "DOWN" position. After approximately 8 s the load arm will automatically lower, causing the test ball to gently contact the test ring. (Note: The speed at which the load arm lowers is controlled by the arm lift adjustment valve on the left side of the chamber; this valve controls the venting of the cylinder of the pneumatic arm lift regulator.)
• 10.18 Check all test conditions and instrument readings, make adjustments if necessary. Record all necessary data on the data sheet.
• 10.19 After 30 min, the siren will sound and the test load arm will automatically spring up. Turn the timer switch to "OFF" and place the load arm lift switch in the "UP" position.
• 10.20 Remove the test weights, raise the test load arm and secure it with the blue pin.
• 10.21 Remove the oil bath cover, wipe the rotating ring clean with a cloth or cotton to remove residue on the test ring, place the motor drive and power switch in "OFF".
• 10.22 Remove the test ball from the lock nut; do not remove the test ball from the blue retaining ring before microscopic examination; wipe the test ball clean with a cloth before examination.

11 Measurement of Wear Scar

• 11.1 Turn on the microscope light and place the test ball under a microscope capable of magnifying 100 times.
• 11.2 Focus the microscope and adjust the stage so that the wear scar is located at the center of the field of view.
• 11.3 Align the wear scar with the division reference point on the numerical dial controlled by the mechanical stage, measure the major axis length accurate to 0.01 mm, a typical wear scar is shown in Figure 4, record the reading on the data sheet (see Table 4).
• 11.4 Align the wear scar with the division reference point on the numerical dial controlled by the mechanical stage, measure the minor axis length accurate to 0.01 mm, record the reading on the data sheet (see Table 4).
• 11.5 If different from the reference standard test, that is, the color of the residue, abnormal particles or wear pattern, visible scratches, etc., as well as the presence of particles in the oil bath, these conditions of the wear area must all be recorded.

9. Qualitative and Quantitative and Calculation Formulas

• 12.1 The wear scar diameter WSD (mm) of the specimen is calculated according to formula (1):
  • WSD = (M + N) / 2 …… (1)
  • Where: M— ellipse major axis length, mm; N— ellipse minor axis length, mm.
  • (Original formula (1) source-text extraction is shown as "WSD = (M+ N)", denominator "2" requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction))

10. Precision

• Judge the reliability of test results for the wear scar diameter range 0.45~0.95 mm according to the following provisions (95% confidence level).
• 13.1 Repeatability (r): The difference between two results obtained by the same operator, in the same laboratory, using the same instrument, on the same specimen for repeated determinations shall not exceed the value of formula (2).
  • r = 0.109 (WSD)^1.80 …… (2)
  • Where: WSD— arithmetic mean of two test results.
  • (Original exponent "1.: 80" requires confirmation against the source standard (source-text extraction))
• 13.2 Reproducibility (R): The difference between two test results obtained by different operators in different laboratories on the same specimen shall not exceed the value of formula (3).
  • R = 0.167 (WSD)^1.80 …… (3)
  • Where: WSD— arithmetic mean of two test results.
• 13.3 Bias: Because the lubricity value can only be determined by a certain test method, this test method has no bias.

11. Report

• Chapter 14 Report: Take the arithmetic mean of two repeated determination results as the determination result of the specimen wear scar diameter (mm), report the result accurate to 0.01 mm.
• Report the condition of the wear scar surface, and deviations caused by test load, relative humidity, specimen temperature, etc. that deviate from standard conditions.

12. Referenced Documents

• GB/T 308 Rolling bearings, steel balls
• GB/T 131 Mechanical drawings Surface roughness symbols, codes and their notation (Editor's note: current standard number GB/T 1031, current standard name Surface roughness parameters and their values)
• GB/T 3077 Alloy structural steel Technical conditions
• YB 9 High-carbon chromium bearing steel
• ANSI E52100 Chromium alloy steel
• SAE 8720 Steel
• Referenced foreign standards: ASTM D5001-1990 (1995)

13. Source and verification

This page is an AI translation of the available Chinese method card. Human verification is pending. It is not an official translation of the standard. Check the source standard and product certificate before use.

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